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| Paris, France. Hommage au Capitaine Dreyfus by Louis "TIM" Mitelberg (1986). Musée d'Art et d'Histoire du Judaïsme. Photo: Samuel Gruber 2020. |
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| Paris, France. Leon Blum by Philippe
Garel. Photo: Samuel Gruber 2018. |
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| Paris, France. Elie Wiesel by Denis Chetboune. Photo: Cynthia Mitchell 2019. |
In Paris (and elsewhere in France) Look Out for Statues of Notable Jews
by Samuel D. Gruber
After past visits to Paris I've written about on this blog and on Public Art and Memory several noteworthy monuments and memorials. These accounts hardly scratch the surface in a city which may boast more public sculpture than any other city in Europe. The more one visits a place and keeps eyes open, the more one understands the networks of places and spaces. Even when a building or statue or light-post or bench is put in as an individual act it immediately becomes part of a greater whole. In the past this was well understood. The six "talking statues" of pre-modern Rome, for example, carried on public discussions across the city. In this post I try to draw some connections between monuments and memorials I have seen - some by intent and others just by happenstance.
These networks with their invisible lines and (almost) inaudible conversations are what keeps a city thrumming behind the noise of cars and trucks and the indifference of temporary visitors. We discover these connections - we don't imagine or invent them. They rise up in high relief at different times that can depend on a route walked, the way the sun shines, or a particular mood. Some people stop for every red light. I stop for every monument, plaque, and statue (much to the chagrin of my walking companions).
Paris is a very walkable city and now with the ongoing metro strike it is more so than ever. Many, if not most of the figurative and representation sculptural works are allegorical and there are also hundreds of historical events presented in heroic and mythologized forms. In Paris, the allegorical and historical often intermingle, and different timelines can also easily become entangled. Never is this more so than in the historically confused, ambivalent, and defensive French attitude to Jews, and the long Jewish presence in France.
The tendency to generalize and obscure is found in all sort of monuments, and until quite recently this has been especially true of monuments to the victims of World War II concentration camps, and even more so on memorials to Jewish victims of the French and German deportations to Death Camps. I've written about the memorials in the Pere Lechaise Cemetery to French victims of various camps here, and about victims of the Velodrome d'HIV deportations here. To these, can be added the series of bronze reliefs by Arbit Blatas that are installed on the walls of the entry court of the Mémorial de la Shoah (currently covered during renovation work).
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| Paris, France. Mémorial de la Shoah. Arbit Blatas bronze reliefs. Photo: Samuel Gruber 2012. |
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| Paris, France. Mémorial de la Shoah. Arbit Blatas bronze reliefs, detail. Photo: Samuel Gruber 2012. |
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| Paris, France. Mémorial de la Shoah. Arbit Blatas bronze reliefs under wraps. Photo: Samuel Gruber December 2019. |
There is another class of monuments to Jews in Paris also worth considering. These recognize individual Jews important in French history. While they are only a few in number, these represent a growing trend in France (and elsewhere) to diversify the historic figures in stone and bronze that reside in so many Parisian parks and squares.
Statues to at least three notable Jews - Alfred Dreyfus, Leon Blum, and most recently, Elie Wiesel, have been created and installed since the 1980s.
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| Paris, France. Elie Wiesel by Denis Chetboune. Photo: Cynthia Mitchell 2019. |
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| Paris, France. Elie Wiesel by Denis Chetboune. Photo: Cynthia Mitchell 2019. |
On July 2, 2019 a new statue of
writer, human rights activist, Holocaust survivor and Nobel laureate Elie
Wiesel was unveiled in the small Parisian park with a double name: Square du Temple - Elie Wiesel. Wiesel's name was attached to the square in 2017. The Wiesel statue, by sculptor Denis Chetboune, was donated to the city by the "Association des fils et filles des déportés juifs de France."
It's notable that the sculpture mixes materials - bronze and wood. The wood may
be a railroad tie, a reference to the Holocaust deportation trains.
The bronze bust of Wiesel is respectfully representational, showing the human rights advocate with a serious gaze. Wrapped around him like a necktie, is a group of unidentified human figures, Holocaust victims from whom Wiesel's visage emerged as spokesman, advocate and storyteller. Embedded in the wooden tie is a Jewish Star, an overt reference to Wiesel's
Judaism; not surprising since his
entire literary and public career drew on this identity and history.
Though Wiesel spent many years in Paris, he was never French.
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| Paris, France. Elie Wiesel by Denis Chetboune. Photo: Cynthia Mitchell 2019. |
Already
in October 2007, a separate memorial
plaque was inaugurated in the center of the Square du Temple (before
Wiesel's name was added). This plaque has the names of 85 Jewish
children under the age of 6
who lived in the 3rd Parisian district and were deported to Auschwitz
between
1942 and 1944. It is one of many plaques installed around the city about
a decade ago as part of more public recognition of the French role in
the
deportation of Jews - especially children - and commemorating the
victims.
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| Paris, France. Square du Temple - Elie Wiesel. Memorial to Jewish children under the age of 6
who lived in the 3rd Parisian district and were deported in Auschwitz
between
1942 and 1944. Photo: Cynthia Mitchell, 2020. |
This statue honors Wiesel, but by extension commemorates the Holocaust because Holocaust memory was the cause of Wiesel's life. Coincidentally, the bronze box set within the railroad tie, empty except a Star of David, reminds me of the buried cache of synagogue Judaica discovered just a few days ago in Wieliczka, Poland. There, the box has rotted away, leaving only the jumble of weathered metal ritual ornaments.
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| Paris, France. Elie Wiesel by Denis Chetboune. Photo: Cynthia Mitchell 2019. |
The star in the box is also reminiscent of the large bronze star that caps the deposit of ashes from death camps in the crypt of the Memorial de la Shoah. It is itself a sort of sunken box, lit only by an oculus through the bronze "well-head' in the memorial forecourt. This also recalls the lonely stars in the paintings of Vilna Ghetto survivor Samuel Bak, in whose mournful memories of the Holocaust one hears the empty dry winds of death, longing, and even the loss of hope.
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| Samuel Bak. Ghetto, 1996. |
Of
course, after the Holocaust, Wiesel's box was not empty. As a writer and advocate he mined it for
memory, pain, stories, and strength. Sometimes he found hope;
sometimes not.
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| Paris, France. Hommage au Capitaine Dreyfus by Louis "TIM" Mitelberg (1986). Musée d'Art et d'Histoire du Judaïsme. Photo: Samuel Gruber 2020. |
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| Paris, France. Hommage au Capitaine Dreyfus by Louis "TIM" Mitelberg (1986). Musée d'Art et d'Histoire du Judaïsme. Photo: Samuel Gruber 2020. |
Alfred Dreyfus, on the other hand, whose name and fame are now synonymous with late 19th-century French antisemitism, saw himself as entirely French. Still, he was falsely accused and convicted of espionage because his enemies only saw him as Jewish. In 1985 French Minister of Culture Jack Lang (whose father was Jewish), commissioned Polish-born Jewish-French political cartoonist and artist Louis "TIM" Mitelberg to create a statue of Dreyfus (Hommage au Capitaine Dreyfus) to be installed in the courtyard
of the École Militaire, where Dreyfus had been degraded. The country seemed to be on a point of reconciliation, until the over-life size statue was rejected by the conservative military brass. The statue may be a caricature, but it is deadly serious.
At least twice the height of Dreyfus himself,the enormous statue is both cartoonish and monumental. Here Dreyfus is shown as a grand gesture; a symbol more than a man. He is in military dress, at attention, with his raised but broken sword. In the style of Alberto Giacometti, the figure is attenuated, the head too small and the feet too big. Dreyfus was not a great man - at least not initially. He was not more than his uniform and his allegiance to the state and idea of France. It was his ordeal that made him great, and changed his name into an ideal. The statue hints at this. The uniform is greater than the man inside. But the uniform gives the man his posture, his pride, his patriotism and even his heroism.
There are few statues of heroic Jewish military figures with which to compare this work. It is obviously different from those early Zionist works of the Maccabees, such as Alfred Nossig's Judas Maccabaeus, made c. 1901 at the height of the Dreyfus affair, just two years after Dreyfus was pardoned and released from prison in a face-saving move by the French military. Nossig's heroic Jewish fighter is shown with raised sword. The theme is also repeated in Wilhelm Wachtel's near-contemporary illustration of a Jewish Youth Swearing Oath (1902), with raised sword. Sadly, Nossig himself as an old man in the Warsaw Ghetto in 1943 was found guilty of collaboration with the Nazis and executed by the Jewish Combat Organization. The new generation of "heroes" discarded the old. With all this in mind the notion of Jewish heroism, and image of the raised sword, needs to be viewed with caution.
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Alfred Nossig. Judas Maccabaeus (ca 1901). From R. Cohen Jewish
Icons,
fig. 128.
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Wilhelm Wachtel. Jewish Youth Swearing Oath. Illustration, Rocznik
Zydowski,
1902. JHI, Warsaw. Jewish
Art,
Vol. 23-25.
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Dreyfus's
broken sword, the result of the highly stylized ceremony of public
humiliation and literal degradation where Dreyfus's uniform was stripped
of buttons and insignia and his (previous filed down) sword was broken,
reminds me of a very different destruction of swords represented in the
dramatic bronze Universal Peace of Jules Butensky (c. 1910) which shows
swords beaten into ploughshares.
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| Alfred Dreyfus' degradation, 5 January 1895. Picture by Henri Meyer on the cover of Le Petit Journal (13 January 1895), captioned "The Traitor". Photo: Wikipedia. |
The Dreyfus statue also stands
distinct from the version of the heroic Jewish fighter created by
Polish-Jewish sculptor Nathan Rapoport in his Warsaw Ghetto Uprising
Monument of 1948 and its progeny celebrating Ghetto fighters and the
warriors of the Israeli War of Independence.
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| Warsaw, Poland. Warsaw Ghetto Uprising Monument. Nathan Rapoport, sculptor, 1948. Photo: Samuel Gruber 2008. |
As Thomas Bass has written in an informative essay about the Dreyfus statue and the entire Dreyfus Affair, "If it had been installed in its rightful place, Dreyfus would be saluting his
fellow officers and the army that tortured him. But the army was on to
Mitelberg and his subversive sense of humor. They wanted no cartoons of
soldiers holding broken swords." See Thomas Bass, "Still Wandering," (Tablet, Oct 18, 2011).
The Dreyfus statue eventually found a permanent home in the small Square Pierre Lafue. Since 1998, a full-size copy is now installed in the courtyard of the Musée d’Art et d’Histoire du
Judaïsme where it is seen by a larger public. Appropriately, the museum houses the Fonds Dreyfus, an archive of over 3,000 items donated by the grandchildren of Captain Dreyfus.
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| Paris, France. Leon Blum by Philippe
Garel in front of the Hotel de Ville of the 14th Arrondissement. Photo: Samuel Gruber 2018. |
Bridging
the lives of Dreyfus and Wiesel was Leon Blum (1872-1950), the first
Jewish and first socialist prime minister of France, who led the Popular Front coalition government in 1936–37. He was born into a Jewish family in Alsace, educated at the École Normale
Supérieure, and studied law at the Sorbonne. The Dreyfus Affair
brought him into active politics on the side of the republican
Dreyfusards and led to his joining the French Socialist Party in 1904. Read more about Blum here.
A bronze statue of Blum by Philippe
Garel was installed in front of the Hotel de Ville of the 14th
Arrondissement in
1991. The statue is an homage, and draws on famous models. Blum's
expressive features and his billowing coat recall Rodin's great statue
of standing Balzac, seen across town in the Musee Rodin (and also in the
sculpture garden of MOMA in New York).
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| Paris, France. Leon Blum by Philippe
Garel. Photo: Samuel Gruber 2018. |
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| Paris, France. Leon Blum by Philippe
Garel. Photo: Samuel Gruber 2018. |
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| Paris, France. Leon Blum by Philippe
Garel. Photo: Samuel Gruber 2018. |
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| Paris, France. Leon Blum by Philippe
Garel. Photo: Samuel Gruber 2018. |
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| Paris, France. Balzac model by Rodin. Musee Rodin. Photo: Samuel Gruber 2013. |
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| Paris, France. Balzac full statue by Rodin. Musee Rodin. Photo: Samuel Gruber 2013. |
Though
I wasn't actively looking, I did not see any statues to women or people
of color in my recent walks through Paris, though there are bound to be a few. There are no statues (in
Paris) to famous Jewish stage celebrities Rachel Felix and Sarah Bernhardt, though Felix has one of the most impressive tombs in the Jewish section of Pere Lechaise cemetery, and an allee named after her.
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| Paris, France. Pere Lechaise Cemetery. tomb of Rachel Felix. Photo: Samuel Gruber 2018. |
A bust of French politician, human rights activist, Auschwitz survivor and EU president Simone Veil, who died in 2017, was however, installed just a month ago in the town La Roche-sur Yon. Sadly, it was promptly vandalized. Whether the vandals despised Veil as a Jew, or the most prominent proponent of women's rights in France in unknown. It was Viel, after all, who was most responsible for legalizing abortion in France, still a hot-button topic for many religious conservatives. The bust itself is not remarkable as sculpture. It is a remarkable matter-of-fact likeness of the French politician whose likeness at the time of her death was probably as well-known in France as the (ever-changing) face of Marianne.
Echoing the dearth of statues of accomplished women across Paris, Veil is only the fifth woman given the honor of burial in France's Pantheon, where she was laid to rest in June 2018. When I visited her grave a few weeks ago, however, I noticed that the curators have not yet gotten around to including her biography along with all the other dignitaries entombed nearby.
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| La Roche-sur Yon, France. Bust of Simone Viel, after vandalism December 2019. |
Lastly, on the this topic of the sculptural depictions of real Jews, Ruth Ellen Gruber wrote in 2018
about a double portrait memorial to the poet and painter and critic Max Jacobs, created by sculptors Philippe Meffroy and
Veronique Millour and erected in 1995 in the small town of Treboul in Brittany.
According to
Ruth, Jacobs "was born in nearby Quimper in 1876 and vacationed
in Treboul from 1929. Born and raised a Jew, Jacob (who was gay)
converted to Catholicism in 1909 (apparently after claiming to have had
a mystical vision of Christ). Still, he was arrested by the Gestapo in
1944 and sent to the Drancy internment/deportation camp outside Paris,
where he died of pneumonia before he would have been deported to
Auschwitz. His brother Gaston, sister, and brother-in-law were murdered at Auschwitz." The
memorial stands at the top of
a path leading from the port near the church of St. Jean.
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| Treboul, France. Memorial to Max Jacobs by sculptors Philippe Meffroy and Veronique Millour, 1995. Photo: Ruth Ellen Gruber 2018. |
